# Access controls ## Theory In [their research papers](https://posts.specterops.io/certified-pre-owned-d95910965cd2), [Will Schroeder](https://twitter.com/harmj0y) and [Lee Christensen](https://twitter.com/tifkin_) identified a set of vectors of domain persistence based on access control misconfigurations (dubbed DPERSIST3). Active Directory Certificate Services add multiple objects to AD, including securable ones which principals can have permissions over. This includes Certificate templates, Certificate Authorities, CA server, etc. In the same research papers, domain escalation techniques abusing misconfigurated access controls were identified dubbed [ESC4](https://posts.specterops.io/certified-pre-owned-d95910965cd2#7c4b), [ESC5](https://posts.specterops.io/certified-pre-owned-d95910965cd2#0a38) and [ESC7](https://posts.specterops.io/certified-pre-owned-d95910965cd2#fdbf)). If an attacker obtains sufficient permissions in a domain, he could modify security descriptors of AD CS components, in order to make them vulnerable to the attacks mentioned in [Movement > AD-CS > Access controls](/ad/movement/ad-cs/access-controls.md). These modifications can be made with tools like [Impacket's (Python) dacledit.py](https://github.com/fortra/impacket/pull/1291) or with [Add-DomainObjectAcl](https://powersploit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/Recon/Add-DomainObjectAcl/) ([PowerView](https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/blob/dev/Recon/PowerView.ps1) module), as explained in [Grant rights](/ad/movement/dacl/grant-rights.md). --- # Agent Instructions: Querying This Documentation If you need additional information that is not directly available in this page, you can query the documentation dynamically by asking a question. Perform an HTTP GET request on the current page URL with the `ask` query parameter: ``` GET https://red.infiltr8.io/ad/persistence/ad-cs/access-controls.md?ask= ``` The question should be specific, self-contained, and written in natural language. The response will contain a direct answer to the question and relevant excerpts and sources from the documentation. Use this mechanism when the answer is not explicitly present in the current page, you need clarification or additional context, or you want to retrieve related documentation sections.