Infiltr8: The Red-Book
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  • The Red-Book
  • Red-Teaming
    • Reconnaissance
      • DNS Enumeration
      • Subdomains enumeration
      • Email Harvesting
      • Host Discovery
      • TCP/UDP Service Scanning
      • Vulnerability Scanning
      • Google Dorks
      • GitHub Recon
      • Files Metadata
      • 🛠️Maltego
      • 🛠️Specialized Search Engines
    • Execution
      • Code & Process Injection
        • Loading .NET Reflective Assembly
        • Loading .NET Assembly from Windows Script Hosting
        • Process Hollowing
        • WndProc Callback Shellcode Execution
        • Fibers Shellcode Execution
        • Vector Exception Handler Shellcode Execution
        • NtQueueApcThread & NtTestAlert Shellcode Execution
        • Thread Pool Callback Shellcode Execution
        • Module Stomping Shellcode Injection
        • Remote .NET Assembly Loading through WaaSRemediation DCOM Abuse
        • 🛠️DLL Injection
        • 🛠️CreateRemoteThread Injection
        • 🛠️Reflective DLL Injection
        • 🛠️NtMapViewOfSection Injection
        • 🛠️SetWindowHookEx Injection
        • 🛠️PoolParty
        • 🛠️MockingJay
      • Code Execution
        • CMSTP
        • MSBuild
        • MSHTA
        • Microsoft Office Execution
        • Windows Script Host (WSH)
        • Outlook Home Page Abuse (Specula)
        • Powershell Without Powershell.exe
        • RegSrv32
        • Scheduled Tasks
        • Services
        • Windows Library Files
        • HTML Help Files
        • WMI
        • Script Exploits
        • 🛠️Sliver
    • Initial Access
      • Network Services
      • Password Attacks
      • Phishing
        • HTML Smuggling
        • Phishing with Calendars (.ICS Files)
        • Phishing With Microsoft Office
          • MS Office - VBA (Macros)
          • MS Office - RTF Files RCE
          • MS Office - Custom XML parts
          • 🛠️MS Office - Excel 4.0 (XLM) Macros
          • 🛠️MS Office - VBA Stomping
          • 🛠️MS Office - Remote Dotm Template Injection
        • 🛠️Phishing via Proxy
          • Adversary in the Middle (AitM) Phishing
            • EvilGoPhish
            • Evilginx
            • Muraena
            • Modlishka
          • Browser in the Middle (BitM) Phishing
            • cuddlephish
            • EvilnoVNC
    • Persistence
      • Active Directory
      • Windows
        • Accessibility features Backdoor
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        • Logon Triggered Persistence
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          • Security Support Provider DLLs
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        • Winlogon Persistence
        • WMI Event Subscription Persistence
      • Linux
        • SSH for Persistence
        • GSocket for Persistence
        • 🛠️Udev rules
    • Defense Evasion
      • Endpoint Detection Respons (EDR) Bypass
        • Bring Your Own Vulnerable Driver (BYOVD)
        • Safe Mode With Networking
        • Windows Defender Application Control (WDAC): Killing EDR
        • 🛠️Load Unsigned Drivers
        • 🛠️Minifilter Altitude
        • 🛠️Hypervisor Code Integrity (HVCI) Disallowed Images
        • 🛠️Windows Filtering Platform (WFP)
        • 🛠️Userland Hooking Bypass
      • UAC Bypass
      • AMSI Bypass
      • ETW evasion
      • Living Off The Land
        • Windows Sysinternals
        • LOLBAS Project
        • File Operations
        • File Executions
      • Signature Evasion
      • Obfuscation
        • PowerShell Obfuscation
        • 🛠️Commandline Obfusaction
        • 🛠️PE Obfuscation
        • 🛠️String Encryption
      • AppLocker Bypass
      • Mark-of-the-Web (MotW) Bypass
      • 🛠️PowerShell Constrained Language Mode (CLM) Bypass
      • 🛠️Kill Windows Defender
      • 🛠️Virtualization-based security (VBS) Bypass
        • 🛠️Credential Guard bypass
        • 🛠️hypervisor-protected code integrity (HVCI) Bypass
        • 🛠️Windows Defender Application Control (WDAC) Bypass
      • 🛠️Sandbox Evasion
    • Discovery
      • Active Directory
      • Windows
        • System Information
        • Processes & Services
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        • Installed applications
        • Network Configuration
        • FIle/Folder ACLs
        • Knowing your Shell
        • Security Solutions
      • Linux
        • OS Details
        • 🛠️Process & Services
    • Privilege Escalation
      • Windows
        • Tools ⚙️
        • PowerShell Logging
        • Credentials In Files
        • Abusing Tokens
        • Insecure Services
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          • Weak File/Folder Permissions
          • Weak Registry Permissions
          • Unquoted Service Path
        • AlwaysInstallElevated
        • AutoLogon Registry
        • Insecure Scheduled Tasks
          • Weak File/Folder Permissions
        • 🛠️DLL Hijacking
      • Linux
        • Kernel Exploits
          • OverlayFs Exploits
            • GameOverlayFs
            • CVE-2023-0386
            • CVE-2021-3493
          • CVE-2023-32233 (CAP_NET_ADMIN)
          • Dirty Pipe
          • 🛠️DirtyCow
          • 🛠️RDS
          • 🛠️Full Nelson
          • 🛠️Mempodipper
        • GLIBC Exploits
          • Looney Tunables
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          • PwnKit
          • D-Bus Authentication Bypass
        • Sudo Exploits
          • Sudo Binaries
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          • Sudoedit Bypass
        • SUID Binaries
        • Script Exploits
          • Python
            • Pip Download Code Execution
            • PyInstaller Code Execution
            • Pytorch Models/PTH Files Code Execution
          • Ruby
          • Bash
          • Perl
        • Scheduled tasks
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          • Systemd timers
        • Interesting Groups
          • Lxd
        • Capabilities
        • NFS no_root_squash/no_all_squash
        • Linux Active Directory
    • Credential Access
      • Password Stores
        • Windows Credential Manager
        • KeePass
        • Web Browsers
      • Unsecured Credentials
        • Credentials In Files
        • VNC Config
        • SSH Private Keys
        • Git Repositories
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        • Network shares
        • Network protocols
      • OS Credentials
        • Windows & Active Directory
          • SAM & LSA secrets
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          • DCSync
          • Kerberos key list
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          • AutoLogon Registry
          • In-memory secrets
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        • Linux
          • Shadow File
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      • MITM and coerced auths
      • Password Attacks
        • Default, weak & Leaked Passwords
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        • Brute-Force
          • Online - Attacking Services
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      • Impersonation
    • Lateral Movement
      • Port Forwarding
      • TLS Tunneling (Ligolo-ng)
      • HTTP(s) Tunneling
      • SSH Tunneling
      • DNS Tunneling
      • SMB-based
      • WinRM
      • Remote WMI
      • DCOM
      • Scheduled Tasks (ATSVC)
      • Services (SVCCTL)
    • Exfiltration
      • Exfiltration over ICMP
      • Exfiltration Over DNS
      • Exfiltration Over HTTP(s)
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  • Web Pentesting
    • Reconnaissance
      • Subdomains enumeration
      • WAF Enumeration
    • Infrastructures
      • DBMS
        • Enum Databases
        • Read/Write/Execute
      • DNS
        • Subdomain Takeover
      • Web Servers
        • Nginx
        • Apache
          • Apache Commons Text
          • Apache Tomcat
      • CMS
        • Wordpress
        • 🛠️Joomla
        • 🛠️Drupal
        • 🛠️Bolt CMS
      • Frameworks
        • Spring Framework
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          • Spring Boot Actuators
          • Spring View Manipulation
        • Werkzeug
        • 🛠️Django
        • 🛠️Flask
        • 🛠️Laravel
      • CGI
    • Web Vulnerabilities
      • Server-Side
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        • SQL Injection
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          • Blind Attacks
            • Boolean Based
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        • Brute-Force
        • SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection)
        • Exposed Git Repositories
        • 🛠️File Upload
      • Client-Side
        • XSS (Cross-Site Scripting)
        • CORS (Cross-origin resource sharing)
  • Network Pentesting
    • Network services
      • DNS
      • FastCGI
      • HTTP & HTTPS
      • LDAP
      • NFS
      • MS-RPC
      • MSSQL
      • NBT-NS (NetBIOS)
      • Oracle TNS
      • RDP
      • Rsync
      • SMB
      • SMTP
      • SNMP
      • SSH
      • WebDAV
      • WinRM
      • XMPP/Jabber
      • 🛠️RPC Port Mapper
      • 🛠️FTP
      • 🛠️Telnet
      • 🛠️MySQL
    • WiFi
      • 🛠️WEP
      • 🛠️WPA2
      • 🛠️WPS
    • Bluetooth
  • Active Directory Pentesting
    • Reconnaissance
      • Tools ⚙️
        • PowerView ⚙️
        • Responder ⚙️
        • BloodHound ⚙️
        • enum4linux ⚙️
      • Network
        • DHCP
        • DNS
        • NBT-NS
        • Port scanning
        • SMB
        • LDAP
        • MS-RPC
      • Objects & Settings
        • DACLs
        • Group policies
        • Password policy
        • LAPS
    • Movement
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          • Guessing
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      • MITM and coerced auths
        • ARP poisoning
        • DNS spoofing
        • DHCP poisoning
        • DHCPv6 spoofing
        • WSUS spoofing
        • LLMNR, NBT-NS, mDNS spoofing
        • ADIDNS poisoning
        • WPAD spoofing
        • MS-EFSR abuse (PetitPotam)
        • MS-RPRN abuse (PrinterBug)
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        • Living off the land
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      • NTLM
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      • Group policies
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        • Certificate templates
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  • 🛠️Cloud & CI/CD Pentesting
    • CI/CD
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    • Azure Pentesting
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        • Tools ⚙️
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        • Internal Reconnaissance
      • Movement
        • Credentials
          • Password Spraying
          • Token Manipulation
            • Pass-The-Cookie (PTC)
            • Pass the Certificate (Azure)
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        • Aazure Resources
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          • Storage Accounts
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        • Role-Based Access
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      • Persistence
    • GCP Pentesting
    • AWS Pentesting
  • 🛠️Smart Contracts Pentesting
    • Solidity
      • Vulnerabilities
        • Delegatecall Attack
        • Denial of Service Attack
        • Overflow & Underflow
        • Reentrancy Attack
        • Self Destruct Attack
        • Tx Origin Attack
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On this page
  • Theory
  • Practice
  • through LLMNR, NBT-NS spoofing
  • through ADIDNS spoofing
  • through DHCPv6 spoofing
  • References

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  1. Active Directory Pentesting
  2. Movement
  3. MITM and coerced auths

WPAD spoofing

Last updated 1 year ago

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Theory

A proxy can be used to handle clients requests (for example to access the Internet). In a network in which the topology changes frequently, adaptive configurations are needed. A type of proxies called "Adaptive proxies" uses a configuration script.

The Web Proxy Automatic Discovery (WPAD) protocol helps clients in finding a proxy configuration script (wpad.dat). This script gives a set of proxies that can be used, and can be located with an hostname or an URL. Various mechanisms can be used to find its location (by order of resolution):

  1. WinHTTP/WinINET

  2. DHCP

  3. DNS

  4. Internet Explorer's LAN settings, or configuration file

Practice

WPAD spoofing can be combined with

  • combined (or not) with DNS spoofing

  • or , followed by

Proxy auth NTLM authentication can either be

  • forced and with Responder with --wredir and --ProxyAuth

  • forced and relayed with by using the --http-port 3128 argument

through LLMNR, NBT-NS spoofing

  • The -w/--wpad option will make Responder start the WPAD rogue server so that fake wpad.dat file can be served to requesting clients.

  • The -P/--ProxyAuth option to force the Windows client to authenticate after the wpad.dat is accessed and when the client starts using the proxy

responder --interface "eth0" --wpad --ProxyAuth
responder -I "eth0" -wP
  • Inveigh starts a WPAD rogue proxy server by default.

  • Options like -WPADAuth, -WPADAuthIgnore, -WPADIP, -WPADPort, -WPADResponse (and others) can be used to tweak the WPAD abuse.

Invoke-Inveigh -ConsoleOutput Y -LLMNR Y -NBNS Y -mDNS Y -Challenge 1122334455667788 -MachineAccounts Y

through ADIDNS spoofing

Pre CVE-2018-8320

New-ADIDNSNode -Node '*' -Data 'Pentest_IP_Address'
New-ADIDNSNode -Node wpad -Type DNAME -Data 'pentester01.TARGETDOMAIN.LOCAL'

Post CVE-2018-8320

On machines that are patched against that CVE, registering a name server (NS) record could still work.

New-ADIDNSNode -Node wpad -Type NS -Data 'pentester01.TARGETDOMAIN.LOCAL'
dnschef --fakeip 'Pentest_IP_Address' --interface 'Pentest_IP_Address' --port 53 --logfile dnschef.log

through DHCPv6 spoofing

References

On old Windows systems (i.e. lacking the MS16-077 security update), the WPAD location could be obtained through insecure name resolution protocols like LLMNR and NBT-NS when standard DNS queries were failing (i.e. no DNS record for WPAD). This allowed attackers to operate to answer those WPAD queries and redirect to a fake wpad.dat file, hence poisoning the web proxy configuration of the requesting clients, hence obtaining more traffic.

(Python) and (Powershell) are great tools for name poisoning. In addition to name poisoning, they also have the ability to start servers (listeners) that will and echo the NTLM hashes to the attacker.

The following command will start . Name resolution queries for the wpad server will be answered just like any other query. Fake authentication servers (HTTP/S, SMB, SQL, FTP, IMAP, POP3, DNS, LDAP, ...) will .

The following command will start . Name resolution queries for the wpad server will be answered just like any other query. Fake authentication servers (HTTP/S, SMB, SQL, FTP, IMAP, POP3, DNS, LDAP, ...) will (even from machine accounts) and set the Challenge to 1122334455667788 (to with ).

On up-to-date machines (i.e. with the MS16-077 security update applied), WPAD can still be abused through if the WPAD record does not exist. There is however a DNS block list mitigation called GQBL (Global Query Block List) preventing names like WPAD and ISATAP (default entries) to be resolved. This block list exists to reduce vulnerabilities associated with dynamic DNS updates but when .

On machines that are not patched against , there are two ways to bypass the GQBL: by or by registering a domain alias (DNAME) record, which can be conducted as follows with (Powershell).

In order for the NS record technique to work, the tester has to have a DNS server running for . This can easily be accomplished with (Python).

On up-to-date machines (i.e. with the MS16-077 security update applied), WPAD can still be abused through , even if the WPAD record does exist. With DNS poisoning through DHCPv6 spoofing, an attacker can reply to DHCPv6 requests, and then reply to DNS queries.

This attack can be conducted with (Python), see the page for exploitation notes.

LLMNR and NBT-NS spoofing
DHCP poisoning
ARP poisoning
DHCPv6 spoofing
DNS spoofing
captured
ntlmrelayx
LLMNR and NBT-NS spoofing
Responder
Inveigh
capture authentications
LLMNR, NBTS and mDNS spoofing
capture NTLM hashes
ADIDNS spoofing
it can be edited
implementing WPAD
DNS spoofing
dnschef
ADIDNS spoofing
mitm6
DHCPv6 spoofing
LLMNR, NBTS and mDNS spoofing
capture NTLM hashes
crack.sh
CVE-2018-8320
Powermad
LogoADIDNS Revisited - WPAD, GQBL, and MoreNetSPI
https://www.fox-it.com/en/news/blog/mitm6-compromising-ipv4-networks-via-ipv6/www.fox-it.com
crack NTLM hashes
registering a wildcard record