DNS

Finding Domain Controllers

AD-DS (Active Directory Domain Services) rely on DNS SRV RR (service location resource records). Those records can be queried to find the location of some servers: the global catalog, LDAP servers, the Kerberos KDC and so on.

dnsutils

nslookup is a DNS client that can be used to query SRV records. It usually comes with the dnsutils package.

# find the PDC (Principal Domain Controller)
nslookup -type=srv _ldap._tcp.pdc._msdcs.$FQDN_DOMAIN

# find the DCs (Domain Controllers)
nslookup -type=srv _ldap._tcp.dc._msdcs.$FQDN_DOMAIN

# find the GC (Global Catalog, i.e. DC with extended data)
nslookup -type=srv gc._msdcs.$FQDN_DOMAIN

# Other ways to find services hosts that may be DCs 
nslookup -type=srv _kerberos._tcp.$FQDN_DOMAIN
nslookup -type=srv _kpasswd._tcp.$FQDN_DOMAIN
nslookup -type=srv _ldap._tcp.$FQDN_DOMAIN

The same commands can be operated the old way with nslookup.

nmap

In order to function properly, the tools need to know the domain name and which nameservers to query. That information is usually sent through DHCP offers and stored in the /etc/resolv.conf or /run/systemd/resolve/resolv.conf file in UNIX-like systems.

If needed, the nameservers may be found with a port scan on the network by looking for DNS ports 53/TCP and 53/UDP.

nmap -v -sV -p 53 $SUBNET/$MASK
nmap -v -sV -sU -p 53 $SUBNET/$MASK

The DNS service is usually offered by the domain controllers

What Are Active Directory SRV Records?Petri IT Knowledgebase

Reverse lookups

In Active Directory Integrated DNS, reverse lookup zones are used to resolve IP addresses to hostnames. This operation relies on DNS PTR records. This allows to find the names of the hosts in a network. The presence of reverse lookup zones is not mandatory in Active Directory, hence limiting reverse lookup capabilities.

# standard lookup
host $hostname

# reverse lookup
host $IP_address

# manual PTR resolution request
nslookup -type=ptr $IP_address

# PTR restolution on a range
dnsrecon -r $RANGE -n $DC_IP

Dump DNS Records in a Domain

By default any user in Active Directory can enumerate all DNS records in the Domain or Forest DNS zones, similarly to a zone transfer.

adidnsdump can be used for that purpose.

adidnsdump -u <DOMAIN_FQDN>\\<USERNAME> ldap://<DC_IP> -r
cat records.csv

NetExec's Enum_dns module utilizes WMI to dump DNS information from an Active Directory DNS Server. It extracts MicrosoftDNS_ResourceRecord (complete zone information) from all found domains.

netexec smb -u <USERNAME> -p <PASSWORD> -d <DOMAIN> -M enum_dns

So far this module only works with Administrative privileges.

If zone transfers are allowed, dig can be used to request a zone transfer.

dig axfr @<DC_IP> <DOMAIN_FQDN>