Infiltr8: The Red-Book
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  • The Red-Book
  • Red-Teaming
    • Reconnaissance
      • DNS Enumeration
      • Subdomains enumeration
      • Email Harvesting
      • Host Discovery
      • TCP/UDP Service Scanning
      • Vulnerability Scanning
      • Google Dorks
      • GitHub Recon
      • Files Metadata
      • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธMaltego
      • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธSpecialized Search Engines
    • Execution
      • Code & Process Injection
        • Loading .NET Reflective Assembly
        • Loading .NET Assembly from Windows Script Hosting
        • Process Hollowing
        • WndProc Callback Shellcode Execution
        • Fibers Shellcode Execution
        • Vector Exception Handler Shellcode Execution
        • NtQueueApcThread & NtTestAlert Shellcode Execution
        • Thread Pool Callback Shellcode Execution
        • Module Stomping Shellcode Injection
        • Remote .NET Assembly Loading through WaaSRemediation DCOM Abuse
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธDLL Injection
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธCreateRemoteThread Injection
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธReflective DLL Injection
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธNtMapViewOfSection Injection
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธSetWindowHookEx Injection
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธPoolParty
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธMockingJay
      • Code Execution
        • CMSTP
        • MSBuild
        • MSHTA
        • Microsoft Office Execution
        • Windows Script Host (WSH)
        • Outlook Home Page Abuse (Specula)
        • Powershell Without Powershell.exe
        • RegSrv32
        • Scheduled Tasks
        • Services
        • Windows Library Files
        • HTML Help Files
        • WMI
        • Script Exploits
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธSliver
    • Initial Access
      • Network Services
      • Password Attacks
      • Phishing
        • HTML Smuggling
        • Phishing with Calendars (.ICS Files)
        • Phishing With Microsoft Office
          • MS Office - VBA (Macros)
          • MS Office - RTF Files RCE
          • MS Office - Custom XML parts
          • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธMS Office - Excel 4.0 (XLM) Macros
          • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธMS Office - VBA Stomping
          • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธMS Office - Remote Dotm Template Injection
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธPhishing via Proxy
          • Adversary in the Middle (AitM) Phishing
            • EvilGoPhish
            • Evilginx
            • Muraena
            • Modlishka
          • Browser in the Middle (BitM) Phishing
            • cuddlephish
            • EvilnoVNC
    • Persistence
      • Active Directory
      • Windows
        • Accessibility features Backdoor
        • AEDebug Keys Persistence
        • Image File Execution Options (IFEO) Persistence
        • Logon Triggered Persistence
        • LSA Persistence
          • Security Support Provider DLLs
          • Authentication Package
        • Natural Language 6 DLLs Persistence
        • Run Keys Persistence
        • Winlogon Persistence
        • WMI Event Subscription Persistence
      • Linux
        • SSH for Persistence
        • GSocket for Persistence
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธUdev rules
    • Defense Evasion
      • Endpoint Detection Respons (EDR) Bypass
        • Bring Your Own Vulnerable Driver (BYOVD)
        • Safe Mode With Networking
        • Windows Defender Application Control (WDAC): Killing EDR
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธLoad Unsigned Drivers
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธMinifilter Altitude
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธHypervisor Code Integrity (HVCI) Disallowed Images
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธWindows Filtering Platform (WFP)
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธUserland Hooking Bypass
      • UAC Bypass
      • AMSI Bypass
      • ETW evasion
      • Living Off The Land
        • Windows Sysinternals
        • LOLBAS Project
        • File Operations
        • File Executions
      • Signature Evasion
      • Obfuscation
        • PowerShell Obfuscation
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธCommandline Obfusaction
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธPE Obfuscation
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธString Encryption
      • AppLocker Bypass
      • Mark-of-the-Web (MotW) Bypass
      • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธPowerShell Constrained Language Mode (CLM) Bypass
      • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธKill Windows Defender
      • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธVirtualization-based security (VBS) Bypass
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธCredential Guard bypass
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธhypervisor-protected code integrity (HVCI) Bypass
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธWindows Defender Application Control (WDAC) Bypass
      • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธSandbox Evasion
    • Discovery
      • Active Directory
      • Windows
        • System Information
        • Processes & Services
        • Scheduled Tasks
        • Installed applications
        • Network Configuration
        • FIle/Folder ACLs
        • Knowing your Shell
        • Security Solutions
      • Linux
        • OS Details
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธProcess & Services
    • Privilege Escalation
      • Windows
        • Tools โš™๏ธ
        • PowerShell Logging
        • Credentials In Files
        • Abusing Tokens
        • Insecure Services
          • Weak Service Permissions
          • Weak File/Folder Permissions
          • Weak Registry Permissions
          • Unquoted Service Path
        • AlwaysInstallElevated
        • AutoLogon Registry
        • Insecure Scheduled Tasks
          • Weak File/Folder Permissions
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธDLL Hijacking
      • Linux
        • Kernel Exploits
          • OverlayFs Exploits
            • GameOverlayFs
            • CVE-2023-0386
            • CVE-2021-3493
          • CVE-2023-32233 (CAP_NET_ADMIN)
          • Dirty Pipe
          • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธDirtyCow
          • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธRDS
          • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธFull Nelson
          • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธMempodipper
        • GLIBC Exploits
          • Looney Tunables
        • Polkit Exploits
          • PwnKit
          • D-Bus Authentication Bypass
        • Sudo Exploits
          • Sudo Binaries
          • Sudo Misconfigurations
          • Reuse Sudo Tokens
          • User Restriction Bypass
          • Pwfeedback BOF
          • Baron Samedit
          • Sudoedit Bypass
        • SUID Binaries
        • Script Exploits
          • Python
            • Pip Download Code Execution
            • PyInstaller Code Execution
            • Pytorch Models/PTH Files Code Execution
          • Ruby
          • Bash
          • Perl
        • Scheduled tasks
          • Cron Jobs
          • Systemd timers
        • Interesting Groups
          • Lxd
        • Capabilities
        • NFS no_root_squash/no_all_squash
        • Linux Active Directory
    • Credential Access
      • Password Stores
        • Windows Credential Manager
        • KeePass
        • Web Browsers
      • Unsecured Credentials
        • Credentials In Files
        • VNC Config
        • SSH Private Keys
        • Git Repositories
        • Veeam Backup
        • Network shares
        • Network protocols
      • OS Credentials
        • Windows & Active Directory
          • SAM & LSA secrets
          • DPAPI secrets
          • NTDS secrets
          • LSASS secrets
          • DCSync
          • Kerberos key list
          • Group Policy Preferences
          • AutoLogon Registry
          • In-memory secrets
          • Cached Kerberos tickets
        • Linux
          • Shadow File
          • In-memory secrets
          • Linux Cached Kerberos tickets
      • MITM and coerced auths
      • Password Attacks
        • Default, weak & Leaked Passwords
        • Generate Wordlists
        • Brute-Force
          • Online - Attacking Services
          • Offline - Password Cracking
      • Impersonation
    • Lateral Movement
      • Port Forwarding
      • TLS Tunneling (Ligolo-ng)
      • HTTP(s) Tunneling
      • SSH Tunneling
      • DNS Tunneling
      • SMB-based
      • WinRM
      • Remote WMI
      • DCOM
      • Scheduled Tasks (ATSVC)
      • Services (SVCCTL)
    • Exfiltration
      • Exfiltration over ICMP
      • Exfiltration Over DNS
      • Exfiltration Over HTTP(s)
      • Exfiltration Over SMB
  • Web Pentesting
    • Reconnaissance
      • Subdomains enumeration
      • WAF Enumeration
    • Infrastructures
      • DBMS
        • Enum Databases
        • Read/Write/Execute
      • DNS
        • Subdomain Takeover
      • Web Servers
        • Nginx
        • Apache
          • Apache Commons Text
          • Apache Tomcat
      • CMS
        • Wordpress
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธJoomla
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธDrupal
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธBolt CMS
      • Frameworks
        • Spring Framework
          • Spring Routing Abuse
          • Spring Boot Actuators
          • Spring View Manipulation
        • Werkzeug
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธDjango
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธFlask
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธLaravel
      • CGI
    • Web Vulnerabilities
      • Server-Side
        • NoSQL Injection
        • SQL Injection
          • UNION Attacks
          • Blind Attacks
            • Boolean Based
            • Time Based
            • Error Based
        • Insecure Deserialization
          • .NET Deserialization
          • Python Deserialization
          • PHP Deserialization
          • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธJava Deserialization
          • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธRuby Deserialization
        • File Inclusion & Path Traversal
          • LFI to RCE
            • PHP Wrappers
            • Logs Poisoning
            • /proc
            • PHPInfo
            • PHP Sessions
            • Segmentation Fault
          • RFI to RCE
        • Command Injection
        • Brute-Force
        • SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection)
        • Exposed Git Repositories
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธFile Upload
      • Client-Side
        • XSS (Cross-Site Scripting)
        • CORS (Cross-origin resource sharing)
  • Network Pentesting
    • Network services
      • DNS
      • FastCGI
      • HTTP & HTTPS
      • LDAP
      • NFS
      • MS-RPC
      • MSSQL
      • NBT-NS (NetBIOS)
      • Oracle TNS
      • RDP
      • Rsync
      • SMB
      • SMTP
      • SNMP
      • SSH
      • WebDAV
      • WinRM
      • XMPP/Jabber
      • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธRPC Port Mapper
      • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธFTP
      • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธTelnet
      • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธMySQL
    • WiFi
      • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธWEP
      • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธWPA2
      • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธWPS
    • Bluetooth
  • Active Directory Pentesting
    • Reconnaissance
      • Tools โš™๏ธ
        • PowerView โš™๏ธ
        • Responder โš™๏ธ
        • BloodHound โš™๏ธ
        • enum4linux โš™๏ธ
      • Network
        • DHCP
        • DNS
        • NBT-NS
        • Port scanning
        • SMB
        • LDAP
        • MS-RPC
      • Objects & Settings
        • DACLs
        • Group policies
        • Password policy
        • LAPS
    • Movement
      • Credentials
        • Dumping
        • Cracking
        • Bruteforcing
          • Guessing
          • Spraying
          • Stuffing
        • Shuffling
      • MITM and coerced auths
        • ARP poisoning
        • DNS spoofing
        • DHCP poisoning
        • DHCPv6 spoofing
        • WSUS spoofing
        • LLMNR, NBT-NS, mDNS spoofing
        • ADIDNS poisoning
        • WPAD spoofing
        • MS-EFSR abuse (PetitPotam)
        • MS-RPRN abuse (PrinterBug)
        • MS-FSRVP abuse (ShadowCoerce)
        • MS-DFSNM abuse (DFSCoerce)
        • MS-EVEN abuse (CheeseOunce)
        • PushSubscription abuse
        • WebClient abuse (WebDAV)
        • Living off the land
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธNBT Name Overwrite
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธICMP Redirect
      • NTLM
        • Capture
        • Relay
        • Pass the hash
      • Kerberos
        • Pre-auth bruteforce
        • Pass the key
        • Overpass the hash
        • Pass the ticket
        • Pass the cache
        • Forged tickets
          • Silver tickets
          • Golden tickets
          • Diamond tickets
          • Sapphire tickets
          • RODC Golden tickets
          • MS14-068
        • ASREQroast
        • ASREProast
        • Kerberoast
        • Delegations
          • (KUD) Unconstrained
          • (KCD) Constrained
          • (RBCD) Resource-based constrained
          • S4U2self abuse
          • Bronze Bit
        • Shadow Credentials
        • UnPAC the hash
        • Pass the Certificate - PKINIT
        • sAMAccountName spoofing
        • SPN-jacking
      • Netlogon
        • ZeroLogon
      • DACL abuse
        • AddMember
        • ForceChangePassword
        • Targeted Kerberoasting
        • WriteOwner
        • ReadLAPSPassword
        • ReadGMSAPassword
        • Grant ownership
        • Grant rights
        • Logon script
        • Rights on RODC object
      • Group policies
      • Trusts
      • Certificate Services (AD-CS)
        • Certificate templates
        • Certificate authority
        • Access controls
        • Unsigned endpoints
        • Certifried
      • Schannel
        • Pass the Certificate - Schannel
      • SCCM / MECM
        • Privilege Escalation
        • Post Exploitation
      • Exchange services
        • PrivExchange
        • ProxyLogon
        • ProxyShell
        • ProxyNotShell
      • Print Spooler Service
        • PrinterBug
        • PrintNightmare
      • Built-ins & settings
        • Builtin Groups
          • DNSAdmins
          • AD Recycle Bin
        • MachineAccountQuota
        • Pre-Windows 2000 computers
        • RODC
    • Persistence
      • Skeleton key
      • SID History
      • AdminSDHolder
      • GoldenGMSA
      • Kerberos
        • Forged tickets
        • Delegation to KRBTGT
      • Certificate Services (AD-CS)
        • Certificate authority
        • Access controls
        • Golden certificate
      • LAPS
      • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธDC Shadow
      • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธAccess controls
  • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธCloud & CI/CD Pentesting
    • CI/CD
      • Ansible Pentesting
      • Artifactory Pentesting
      • Docker Registry
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธHTTP API V2
      • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธKubernetes
      • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธGitLab
      • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธGithub
      • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธGitea
      • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธJenkins
      • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธTerraform
    • Azure Pentesting
      • Reconnaissance
        • Tools โš™๏ธ
        • Unauthenticated Reconnaissance
        • Internal Reconnaissance
      • Movement
        • Credentials
          • Password Spraying
          • Token Manipulation
            • Pass-The-Cookie (PTC)
            • Pass the Certificate (Azure)
            • Pass the PRT
        • Aazure Resources
          • Key Vault
          • Storage Accounts
          • Virtual Machines
          • Automation
          • Databases
        • Role-Based Access
        • Conditional Access
        • Service Principals & Applications
        • Hybrid Identity
          • Password Hash Sync (PHS)
          • Pass-through Authentication (PTA)
          • Active Directory Federation Services (ADFS)
          • Seamless SSO
          • Cloud Kerberos Trust
        • Cross-Tenant Access
      • Persistence
    • GCP Pentesting
    • AWS Pentesting
  • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธSmart Contracts Pentesting
    • Solidity
      • Vulnerabilities
        • Delegatecall Attack
        • Denial of Service Attack
        • Overflow & Underflow
        • Reentrancy Attack
        • Self Destruct Attack
        • Tx Origin Attack
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  • Theory
  • RODC Management
  • Authentication with an RODC
  • Practice
  • Resources

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  1. Active Directory Pentesting
  2. Movement
  3. Built-ins & settings

RODC

Read-Only Domain Controller

Last updated 1 year ago

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Theory

The read-only Domain Controller (RODC) is a solution that Microsoft introduced for physical locations that donโ€™t have adequate security to host a Domain Controller but still require directory services for resources in those locations. A branch office is the classic use case.

(By Elad Shamir on )

RODC holds a read-only filtered copy of the Active Directory database with all the sensitives attributes deleted, like the LAPS passwords (this refers to (FAS)), and cache only specific credentials.

RODC Management

As any Active Directory object, an RODC has an attribute named managedBy. Any user or group specified in the attribute has local administrative rights on the RODC. From an attacker point of view, this means that compromising an account listed in the managedBy attribute leads to an RODC admin access. And with sufficient rights to modify this attribute, an attacker can promote himself to RODC admin.

Authentication with an RODC

To authenticate a principal locally, the RODC must be allowed to retrieve his credentials. Only users, groups and computers that are in the and not in may have their credentials on the RODC to be used for future local authentication (in this case, their principal name IDs are added to its attribute). The attributes msDS-RevealOnDemandGroup and msDS-NeverRevealGroup define the of the RODC.

The default PRP (Password Replication Policy) specifies that no account passwords can be cached on any RODC, and certain accounts are explicitly denied from being cached on any RODC. ()

In case the RODC has cached the principal's credentials and thus, is able to authenticate it locally, it will issue a TGT. To do so, the RODC holds a derived version of the krbtgt key named krbtgt_XXXXX(where XXXXX is its random version number) and uses it to sign and encrypt the generated TGT. This krbtgt account's version number can also be found in its msDS-SecondaryKrbTgtNumber attribute.

The RODC computer account has reset rights on the account krbtgt_XXXXX's password.

When the RODC generates the TGT, it indicates in the kvno field the version number of the key used to generate the ticket. With this TGT, it is possible to request a Service Ticket (ST) against the RODC or any accessible standard writable Domain Controller (provided that the principal is listed in msDS-RevealOnDemandGroup and not listed in msDS-NeverRevealGroup).

RODC authentication flow

Practice

Several attacks can be performed on RODCs:

Resources

RODC service access flow

RODC golden ticket
Key list attack
Exploiting control over a RODC computer object
specterops.io
RODC Filtered Attribute Set
msDS-RevealOnDemandGroup
msDS-NeverRevealGroup
cached
msDS-Revealed-List
Password Replication Policy
Microsoft
LogoAt the Edge of Tier Zero: The Curious Case of the RODCMedium
Attacking Read-Only Domain Controllers (RODCs) to Own Active DirectoryActive Directory Security
LogoThe Kerberos Key List Attack: The return of the Read Only Domain ControllersSecureAuth
LogoAppendix A: Read-Only Domain Controller (RODC) Technical Reference Topicsdocsmsft
LogoRODC Filtered Attribute Set, Credential Caching, and the Authentication Process with an RODCdocsmsft