(KCD) Constrained
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If a service account, configured with constrained delegation to another service, is compromised, an attacker can impersonate any user (e.g. domain admin, except users protected against delegation) in the environment to access another service the initial one can delegate to.
If the "impersonated" account is "" or a member of the "" group, the delegation will fail.
Nota bene: the native, RID 500, "Administrator" account doesn't benefit from that restriction, even if it's added to the Protected Users group (source: ).
Configuring constrained delegation requires the SeEnableDelegationPrivilege on the domain controller, which is typically only enabled for Domain Admins.
Constrained delegation can be configured with or without protocol transition. Abuse methodology differs for each scenario. The paths differ but the result is the same: a Service Ticket to authenticate on a target service on behalf of a user.
Once the final Service Ticket is obtained, it can be used with to access the target service.
On a side note, a technique called can be used concurrently with pass-the-ticket to change the service class the Service Ticket was destined to (e.g. for the cifs/target.domain.local SPN, the service class is cifs).
When attempting to exploit that technique, if the error above triggers, it means that either
the account was sensitive for delegation, or a member of the "Protected Users" group.
If a service is configured with constrained delegation without protocol transition (i.e. set with "Kerberos only"), then S4U2self requests won't result in forwardable service tickets, hence failing at providing the requirement for S4U2proxy to work.
This means the service cannot, by itself, obtain a forwardable ticket for a user to itself (i.e. what S4U2Self is used for). A service ticket will be obtained, but it won't be forwardable. And S4U2Proxy usually needs an forwardable ST to work.
There are two known ways attackers can use to bypass this and obtain a forwardable ticket, on behalf of a user, to the requesting service (i.e. what S4U2Self would be used for):
By operating an RBCD attack on the service.
By forcing or waiting for a user to authenticate to the service while a "Kerberos listener" is running.
While the "ticket capture" way would theoretically work, the RBCD approach is preferred since it doesn't require control over the service's SPN's host (needed to start a Kerberos listener). Consequently, only the RBCD approach is described here at the moment.
The service account (called serviceA) configured for KCD needs to be configured for RBCD (Resource-Based Constrained Delegations). The service's msDS-AllowedToActOnBehalfOfOtherIdentity attribute needs to be appended with an account controlled by the attacker. This second account (called serviceB) needs to have at least one SPN.
Once the ticket is obtained, it can be used in a S4U2proxy request, made by serviceA, on behalf of the impersonated user, to obtain access to one of the services serviceA can delegate to.
If a service is configured with constrained delegation with protocol transition, then it can obtain a service ticket on behalf of a user by combining S4U2self and S4U2proxy requests, as long as the user is not sensitive for delegation, or a member of the "Protected Users" group. The service ticket can then be used with pass-the-ticket. This process is similar to exploitation.
From UNIX-like systems, 's (Python) script can be used for that purpose.
or the constrained delegations are configured
From Windows machines, (C#) can be used to conduct a full S4U2 attack (S4U2self + S4U2proxy).
The attacker can then proceed to a full S4U2 attack (S4U2self + S4U2proxy, a standard or ) to obtain a forwardable ST from a user to one of serviceA's SPNs, using serviceB's credentials.
From UNIX-like systems, 's (Python) script can be used for that purpose.
From Windows machines, (C#) can be used to conduct a full S4U2 attack (S4U2self + S4U2proxy)
From UNIX-like systems, 's (Python) script can be used for that purpose.
From Windows machines, (C#) can be used to obtain a Service Ticket through an S4U2proxy request, supplying as "additional ticket" the Service Ticket obtained before.
