Infiltr8: The Red-Book
Infiltr8ForumGitHub
  • The Red-Book
  • Red-Teaming
    • Reconnaissance
      • DNS Enumeration
      • Subdomains enumeration
      • Email Harvesting
      • Host Discovery
      • TCP/UDP Service Scanning
      • Vulnerability Scanning
      • Google Dorks
      • GitHub Recon
      • Files Metadata
      • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธMaltego
      • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธSpecialized Search Engines
    • Execution
      • Code & Process Injection
        • Loading .NET Reflective Assembly
        • Loading .NET Assembly from Windows Script Hosting
        • Process Hollowing
        • WndProc Callback Shellcode Execution
        • Fibers Shellcode Execution
        • Vector Exception Handler Shellcode Execution
        • NtQueueApcThread & NtTestAlert Shellcode Execution
        • Thread Pool Callback Shellcode Execution
        • Module Stomping Shellcode Injection
        • Remote .NET Assembly Loading through WaaSRemediation DCOM Abuse
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธDLL Injection
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธCreateRemoteThread Injection
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธReflective DLL Injection
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธNtMapViewOfSection Injection
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธSetWindowHookEx Injection
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธPoolParty
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธMockingJay
      • Code Execution
        • CMSTP
        • MSBuild
        • MSHTA
        • Microsoft Office Execution
        • Windows Script Host (WSH)
        • Outlook Home Page Abuse (Specula)
        • Powershell Without Powershell.exe
        • RegSrv32
        • Scheduled Tasks
        • Services
        • Windows Library Files
        • HTML Help Files
        • WMI
        • Script Exploits
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธSliver
    • Initial Access
      • Network Services
      • Password Attacks
      • Phishing
        • HTML Smuggling
        • Phishing with Calendars (.ICS Files)
        • Phishing With Microsoft Office
          • MS Office - VBA (Macros)
          • MS Office - RTF Files RCE
          • MS Office - Custom XML parts
          • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธMS Office - Excel 4.0 (XLM) Macros
          • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธMS Office - VBA Stomping
          • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธMS Office - Remote Dotm Template Injection
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธPhishing via Proxy
          • Adversary in the Middle (AitM) Phishing
            • EvilGoPhish
            • Evilginx
            • Muraena
            • Modlishka
          • Browser in the Middle (BitM) Phishing
            • cuddlephish
            • EvilnoVNC
    • Persistence
      • Active Directory
      • Windows
        • Accessibility features Backdoor
        • AEDebug Keys Persistence
        • Image File Execution Options (IFEO) Persistence
        • Logon Triggered Persistence
        • LSA Persistence
          • Security Support Provider DLLs
          • Authentication Package
        • Natural Language 6 DLLs Persistence
        • Run Keys Persistence
        • Winlogon Persistence
        • WMI Event Subscription Persistence
      • Linux
        • SSH for Persistence
        • GSocket for Persistence
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธUdev rules
    • Defense Evasion
      • Endpoint Detection Respons (EDR) Bypass
        • Bring Your Own Vulnerable Driver (BYOVD)
        • Safe Mode With Networking
        • Windows Defender Application Control (WDAC): Killing EDR
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธLoad Unsigned Drivers
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธMinifilter Altitude
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธHypervisor Code Integrity (HVCI) Disallowed Images
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธWindows Filtering Platform (WFP)
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธUserland Hooking Bypass
      • UAC Bypass
      • AMSI Bypass
      • ETW evasion
      • Living Off The Land
        • Windows Sysinternals
        • LOLBAS Project
        • File Operations
        • File Executions
      • Signature Evasion
      • Obfuscation
        • PowerShell Obfuscation
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธCommandline Obfusaction
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธPE Obfuscation
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธString Encryption
      • AppLocker Bypass
      • Mark-of-the-Web (MotW) Bypass
      • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธPowerShell Constrained Language Mode (CLM) Bypass
      • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธKill Windows Defender
      • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธVirtualization-based security (VBS) Bypass
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธCredential Guard bypass
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธhypervisor-protected code integrity (HVCI) Bypass
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธWindows Defender Application Control (WDAC) Bypass
      • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธSandbox Evasion
    • Discovery
      • Active Directory
      • Windows
        • System Information
        • Processes & Services
        • Scheduled Tasks
        • Installed applications
        • Network Configuration
        • FIle/Folder ACLs
        • Knowing your Shell
        • Security Solutions
      • Linux
        • OS Details
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธProcess & Services
    • Privilege Escalation
      • Windows
        • Tools โš™๏ธ
        • PowerShell Logging
        • Credentials In Files
        • Abusing Tokens
        • Insecure Services
          • Weak Service Permissions
          • Weak File/Folder Permissions
          • Weak Registry Permissions
          • Unquoted Service Path
        • AlwaysInstallElevated
        • AutoLogon Registry
        • Insecure Scheduled Tasks
          • Weak File/Folder Permissions
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธDLL Hijacking
      • Linux
        • Kernel Exploits
          • OverlayFs Exploits
            • GameOverlayFs
            • CVE-2023-0386
            • CVE-2021-3493
          • CVE-2023-32233 (CAP_NET_ADMIN)
          • Dirty Pipe
          • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธDirtyCow
          • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธRDS
          • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธFull Nelson
          • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธMempodipper
        • GLIBC Exploits
          • Looney Tunables
        • Polkit Exploits
          • PwnKit
          • D-Bus Authentication Bypass
        • Sudo Exploits
          • Sudo Binaries
          • Sudo Misconfigurations
          • Reuse Sudo Tokens
          • User Restriction Bypass
          • Pwfeedback BOF
          • Baron Samedit
          • Sudoedit Bypass
        • SUID Binaries
        • Script Exploits
          • Python
            • Pip Download Code Execution
            • PyInstaller Code Execution
            • Pytorch Models/PTH Files Code Execution
          • Ruby
          • Bash
          • Perl
        • Scheduled tasks
          • Cron Jobs
          • Systemd timers
        • Interesting Groups
          • Lxd
        • Capabilities
        • NFS no_root_squash/no_all_squash
        • Linux Active Directory
    • Credential Access
      • Password Stores
        • Windows Credential Manager
        • KeePass
        • Web Browsers
      • Unsecured Credentials
        • Credentials In Files
        • VNC Config
        • SSH Private Keys
        • Git Repositories
        • Veeam Backup
        • Network shares
        • Network protocols
      • OS Credentials
        • Windows & Active Directory
          • SAM & LSA secrets
          • DPAPI secrets
          • NTDS secrets
          • LSASS secrets
          • DCSync
          • Kerberos key list
          • Group Policy Preferences
          • AutoLogon Registry
          • In-memory secrets
          • Cached Kerberos tickets
        • Linux
          • Shadow File
          • In-memory secrets
          • Linux Cached Kerberos tickets
      • MITM and coerced auths
      • Password Attacks
        • Default, weak & Leaked Passwords
        • Generate Wordlists
        • Brute-Force
          • Online - Attacking Services
          • Offline - Password Cracking
      • Impersonation
    • Lateral Movement
      • Port Forwarding
      • TLS Tunneling (Ligolo-ng)
      • HTTP(s) Tunneling
      • SSH Tunneling
      • DNS Tunneling
      • SMB-based
      • WinRM
      • Remote WMI
      • DCOM
      • Scheduled Tasks (ATSVC)
      • Services (SVCCTL)
    • Exfiltration
      • Exfiltration over ICMP
      • Exfiltration Over DNS
      • Exfiltration Over HTTP(s)
      • Exfiltration Over SMB
  • Web Pentesting
    • Reconnaissance
      • Subdomains enumeration
      • WAF Enumeration
    • Infrastructures
      • DBMS
        • Enum Databases
        • Read/Write/Execute
      • DNS
        • Subdomain Takeover
      • Web Servers
        • Nginx
        • Apache
          • Apache Commons Text
          • Apache Tomcat
      • CMS
        • Wordpress
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธJoomla
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธDrupal
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธBolt CMS
      • Frameworks
        • Spring Framework
          • Spring Routing Abuse
          • Spring Boot Actuators
          • Spring View Manipulation
        • Werkzeug
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธDjango
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธFlask
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธLaravel
      • CGI
    • Web Vulnerabilities
      • Server-Side
        • NoSQL Injection
        • SQL Injection
          • UNION Attacks
          • Blind Attacks
            • Boolean Based
            • Time Based
            • Error Based
        • Insecure Deserialization
          • .NET Deserialization
          • Python Deserialization
          • PHP Deserialization
          • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธJava Deserialization
          • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธRuby Deserialization
        • File Inclusion & Path Traversal
          • LFI to RCE
            • PHP Wrappers
            • Logs Poisoning
            • /proc
            • PHPInfo
            • PHP Sessions
            • Segmentation Fault
          • RFI to RCE
        • Command Injection
        • Brute-Force
        • SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection)
        • Exposed Git Repositories
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธFile Upload
      • Client-Side
        • XSS (Cross-Site Scripting)
        • CORS (Cross-origin resource sharing)
  • Network Pentesting
    • Network services
      • DNS
      • FastCGI
      • HTTP & HTTPS
      • LDAP
      • NFS
      • MS-RPC
      • MSSQL
      • NBT-NS (NetBIOS)
      • Oracle TNS
      • RDP
      • Rsync
      • SMB
      • SMTP
      • SNMP
      • SSH
      • WebDAV
      • WinRM
      • XMPP/Jabber
      • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธRPC Port Mapper
      • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธFTP
      • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธTelnet
      • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธMySQL
    • WiFi
      • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธWEP
      • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธWPA2
      • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธWPS
    • Bluetooth
  • Active Directory Pentesting
    • Reconnaissance
      • Tools โš™๏ธ
        • PowerView โš™๏ธ
        • Responder โš™๏ธ
        • BloodHound โš™๏ธ
        • enum4linux โš™๏ธ
      • Network
        • DHCP
        • DNS
        • NBT-NS
        • Port scanning
        • SMB
        • LDAP
        • MS-RPC
      • Objects & Settings
        • DACLs
        • Group policies
        • Password policy
        • LAPS
    • Movement
      • Credentials
        • Dumping
        • Cracking
        • Bruteforcing
          • Guessing
          • Spraying
          • Stuffing
        • Shuffling
      • MITM and coerced auths
        • ARP poisoning
        • DNS spoofing
        • DHCP poisoning
        • DHCPv6 spoofing
        • WSUS spoofing
        • LLMNR, NBT-NS, mDNS spoofing
        • ADIDNS poisoning
        • WPAD spoofing
        • MS-EFSR abuse (PetitPotam)
        • MS-RPRN abuse (PrinterBug)
        • MS-FSRVP abuse (ShadowCoerce)
        • MS-DFSNM abuse (DFSCoerce)
        • MS-EVEN abuse (CheeseOunce)
        • PushSubscription abuse
        • WebClient abuse (WebDAV)
        • Living off the land
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธNBT Name Overwrite
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธICMP Redirect
      • NTLM
        • Capture
        • Relay
        • Pass the hash
      • Kerberos
        • Pre-auth bruteforce
        • Pass the key
        • Overpass the hash
        • Pass the ticket
        • Pass the cache
        • Forged tickets
          • Silver tickets
          • Golden tickets
          • Diamond tickets
          • Sapphire tickets
          • RODC Golden tickets
          • MS14-068
        • ASREQroast
        • ASREProast
        • Kerberoast
        • Delegations
          • (KUD) Unconstrained
          • (KCD) Constrained
          • (RBCD) Resource-based constrained
          • S4U2self abuse
          • Bronze Bit
        • Shadow Credentials
        • UnPAC the hash
        • Pass the Certificate - PKINIT
        • sAMAccountName spoofing
        • SPN-jacking
      • Netlogon
        • ZeroLogon
      • DACL abuse
        • AddMember
        • ForceChangePassword
        • Targeted Kerberoasting
        • WriteOwner
        • ReadLAPSPassword
        • ReadGMSAPassword
        • Grant ownership
        • Grant rights
        • Logon script
        • Rights on RODC object
      • Group policies
      • Trusts
      • Certificate Services (AD-CS)
        • Certificate templates
        • Certificate authority
        • Access controls
        • Unsigned endpoints
        • Certifried
      • Schannel
        • Pass the Certificate - Schannel
      • SCCM / MECM
        • Privilege Escalation
        • Post Exploitation
      • Exchange services
        • PrivExchange
        • ProxyLogon
        • ProxyShell
        • ProxyNotShell
      • Print Spooler Service
        • PrinterBug
        • PrintNightmare
      • Built-ins & settings
        • Builtin Groups
          • DNSAdmins
          • AD Recycle Bin
        • MachineAccountQuota
        • Pre-Windows 2000 computers
        • RODC
    • Persistence
      • Skeleton key
      • SID History
      • AdminSDHolder
      • GoldenGMSA
      • Kerberos
        • Forged tickets
        • Delegation to KRBTGT
      • Certificate Services (AD-CS)
        • Certificate authority
        • Access controls
        • Golden certificate
      • LAPS
      • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธDC Shadow
      • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธAccess controls
  • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธCloud & CI/CD Pentesting
    • CI/CD
      • Ansible Pentesting
      • Artifactory Pentesting
      • Docker Registry
        • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธHTTP API V2
      • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธKubernetes
      • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธGitLab
      • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธGithub
      • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธGitea
      • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธJenkins
      • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธTerraform
    • Azure Pentesting
      • Reconnaissance
        • Tools โš™๏ธ
        • Unauthenticated Reconnaissance
        • Internal Reconnaissance
      • Movement
        • Credentials
          • Password Spraying
          • Token Manipulation
            • Pass-The-Cookie (PTC)
            • Pass the Certificate (Azure)
            • Pass the PRT
        • Aazure Resources
          • Key Vault
          • Storage Accounts
          • Virtual Machines
          • Automation
          • Databases
        • Role-Based Access
        • Conditional Access
        • Service Principals & Applications
        • Hybrid Identity
          • Password Hash Sync (PHS)
          • Pass-through Authentication (PTA)
          • Active Directory Federation Services (ADFS)
          • Seamless SSO
          • Cloud Kerberos Trust
        • Cross-Tenant Access
      • Persistence
    • GCP Pentesting
    • AWS Pentesting
  • ๐Ÿ› ๏ธSmart Contracts Pentesting
    • Solidity
      • Vulnerabilities
        • Delegatecall Attack
        • Denial of Service Attack
        • Overflow & Underflow
        • Reentrancy Attack
        • Self Destruct Attack
        • Tx Origin Attack
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  1. Red-Teaming
  2. Defense Evasion
  3. Virtualization-based security (VBS) Bypass

hypervisor-protected code integrity (HVCI) Bypass

Last updated 8 months ago

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Theory

HVCI, at a high level, is a technology on Windows systems that prevents attackers from executing unsigned-code in the Windows kernel by essentially preventing readable, writable, and executable memory (RWX) in kernel mode. If an attacker cannot write to an executable code page - they cannot place their shellcode in such pages. On top of that, if attackers cannot force data pages (which are writable) to become code pages - said pages which hold the malicious shellcode can never be executed.

HVCI leverages virtualization technologies provided by the CPU and the Hyper-V hypervisor to enforce its security mechanisms. Hyper-V, Microsoftโ€™s hypervisor, creates isolated environments by using partitions โ€” the root partition for the host operating system and child partitions for virtual machines (VMs). This isolation prevents one VM from accessing the memory or resources of another VM or the host system.

To achieve its goals, HVCI utilizes Second Layer Address Translation (SLAT), known as Extended Page Tables (EPT) in Intel CPUs. SLAT provides an additional layer of memory translation that allows the hypervisor to control how physical memory is allocated and accessed by VMs. When a VM attempts to access memory, the hypervisor uses SLAT to intercept and translate the memory request from the VM's perspective to the actual physical memory on the host machine.

Address Translation and Security Enforcement

  1. Guest Physical Address (GPA) to System Physical Address (SPA): SLAT translates the VM's guest physical addresses (GPAs) to the actual system physical addresses (SPAs) on the host using Extended Page Tables (EPT). This translation process ensures that the VM can only access the memory allocated to it and not any other memory on the host system.

  2. Extended Page Table Entries (EPTEs): EPTEs are used to manage this translation and enforce security policies by defining the allowed access types (read, write, execute) for physical memory. For example, if a page is marked as writable/executable in the virtual memory but the corresponding physical memory is read-only, any attempt to write or execute from that page will result in an access violation. This behavior prevents unauthorized modifications or execution of code, reinforcing security.

  3. Memory Protection: HVCI relies on the principle that physical memory protections override virtual memory permissions. Even if virtual memory is configured to be writable or executable, the physical memory settings enforced by the hypervisor will take precedence, ensuring that malicious code cannot run in the kernel.

Practice

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Resources

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Load in RW --> Set RX after verifying
Exploit Development: No Code Execution? No Problem! Living The Age of VBS, HVCI, and Kernel CFGHome